Taxonomy: All Listings 

1. Fragment showing discs sprouting from the margins of parent blades. 2. Habit. 3. Plants overgrowing lobster farm constructions (Mot Island, Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam). April 2007.

In habitat, in the intertidal zone (Okinawa Island, Japan). February 2014.

1. Habit (Sesoko Biological Station, Okinawa, Japan), February 1998. 2. Upper subtidal (1.5 m depth, Mot Island, Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam). March 2007.

1. Habit (in aquarium). 2. Overgrowing rope (Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam). April 2007.

1. Habit. 2. Upper subtidal (2 m depth, Xom Bau, Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam). April 2007.

1. Habit of plant grown in aquarium at Marine Biological Sesoko Station (Okinawa, Japan), February 2003. 2. Habit (in aquarium), Phu Quock Island, Vietnam, March 2009.

In habitat (Amakusa Island, Japan). August 2013. Inset: Habit.

1. Habit. 2. In habitat, upper subtidal (Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam). March 2009.

In habitat, upper subtidal (Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam). April 2007.

1. Habit. 2, 3. Fragments showing branchlets. 3. In habitat (Okinawa, Japan). February 2014.

1. Habit (in aquarium) sampled in Na Phu Lagoon (Vietnam). 2. Upper subtidal (1.5 m depth, Con Dao Islands, Vietnam). Inset: Habit (Na Phu Lagoon). May 2001.

Habit of young (1) and mature (2) plants (in aquarium, Okinawa, Japan). December 2006.

1. Blade siphons. 2. Stipe filament. 3. In aquarium. Inset: In habitat (Okinawa Island, Japan). December 2006.

1. Habit. 2. In habitat, on the upper subtidal dead coral (Okinawa Island, Japan). May 2005. 3. Low intertidal (Nha Phu Lagoon, Vietnam). May 2007.

Colony sampled from shallow reef flat (My Hoa, Ninh Tuan Province, Vietnam). March 2006.

Plants growing on dead coral. Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in aquarium). March 2007.

1, 2. Habit. 3. Surface cells. 4. Middle intertidal, on dead coral block (Okinawa Island, Japan). May 2005.

1. Habit with gametangia-bearing rays. 2. Intertidal (Luhuitou, Hainan Island, China), April 2012. Inset: Group of plants.

1. Habit of sterile and gametangia-bearing plants. 2. In habitat (Hainan Island, China), April 2012.

1, 3. Habit. 2. Rays with dentate apices. 4. Habitat, in low intertidal (Okinawa, Japan), November 2006.